CR Trivia

Everybody “knows” that when you do a tablescan of a table that it starts with two buffer gets on the segment header, though older versions (ca. 8i and earlier) of Oracle used to do 4 buffer gets on the segment header. The upshot of this is that many people still say that if you create a table and insert a single row then you’re going to get 3 buffer gets when you tablescan a table: two for the segment header and one for the data block:

So here’s a test, with the second set of autotrace stats which, for reasons I’ll describe shortly, may not be immediately reproducible on your system:

create table t1 (n1 number);
insert into t1 values(1);
execute dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user,'t1');

set autotrace traceonly statistics
select * from t1;
/

Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
          1  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
         22  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
        540  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        544  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
          1  rows processed

That really is 22 buffer gets to find the one row in the table. It gets worse; I used another session to insert (and commit) a second row in the table and the tablescan to return the two rows took 36 buffer gets.

If you want to get the same results you have to be a bit careful and a bit lucky. I was using ASSM (automatic segment space management) on a tablespace with an 8MB uniform extent size; when I inserted the single row into the table Oracle formatted a batch of 16 consecutive blocks in the first extent, deciding which range of blocks to format based on my process id. When I inserted my row, the block I inserted into was again dictated by my process id – this happened to be the 10th block in the formatted range.

When I ran the tablescan I did 6 gets on the segment’s space management blocks to work out what parts of the segment were formatted, then 10 gets to find the first row in the 10th block of the range, then a further 6 gets to scan the rest of the formatted range. I do not know why it takes 6 gets to read the space management blocks – but it may be two each for the segment header block, L2 bitmap block, and L1 bitmap block – it may be four on the segment header and one each on the other two blocks.

When I inserted a second row from another session (which I had set up very carefully), Oracle decided to format another batch of 16 blocks. This highlighted a little variation on what I’ve said so far. Because I had 8MB uniform extents the first 18 blocks of the first extent were all space management blocks (segment header, one L2 bitmap, and 16 L1 bitmaps – in the opposite order to that description). Oracle formats on boundaries of 16 blocks in the extent and in this case formatted the 14 blocks that would take it from block 19 to block 32 of the extent. That’s basically why my tablescan after the second insert took an extra 14 gets.

Consequences:
If you really do need to scan a “very small” table extremely frequently (and you shouldn’t, really) then it might be a good idea to check how many blocks have been formatted compared to the number of blocks used (dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number() will help with that check) and do an “alter table move” because in this special case Oracle won’t use the “format 16 blocks somewhere” strategy, it will format only as many blocks as needed starting from the first available block in the segment. For some reason the number of gets on space management blocks is also minimised in this case so that tablescan of a “single block” takes only 2 + number of blocks in table.

Footnote:
For ASSM segments Oracle maintains a Low High Water Mark (LHWM) and a High High Water Mark (HHWM). Every block below the LHWM is guaranteed to be formatted, blocks between the LHWM and HHWM will be formatted in batches of 16; so when doing a segment scan Oracle uses the largest multiblock-read it can from the start of the segment to the LHWM, then keeps checking the space management blocks to identify the batches of 16 that it can then read (and it can read consecutive formatted batches in a single read, so the reads are not necessarily limited to 16 blocks at a time).

One little side thought – because the choice of block and block range is dictated by the process id, the pattern of data insertion and contention using shared servers can be very different from the pattern produced by dedicated servers.

Related posts:

1. 12c trivia
2. Free Space
3. Wnnn进程导致buffer busy wait
4. Quiz Night
5. Diagnosing buffer busy waits with the ash_wait_chains.sql script (v0.2)
6. Can I Fit a 80MB Database Completely in a 80MB Buffer Cache?
7. Can I Fit a 80MB Database Completely in a 80MB Buffer Cache?
8. ASM metadata blocks
9. ASSM
10. Optimizer statistics-driven direct path read decision for full table scans (_direct_read_decision_statistics_driven)